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Shri Amarnath Yatra cancelled for 2020 due to COVID-19

Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory government on Tuesday announced cancellation of the annual Shri Amarnath ji Yatra and said that there will be a live telecast/ virtual Darshan of the morning and evening Aarti.The decision was taken during a meeting presided over by Lieutenant Governor, Girish Chandra Murmu, who is also Chairman of the Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (SASB).

The security forces had carried out all exercises for an incident free pilgrimage of the Shri Amarnath Yatra. But the Yatra had to be canceled in wake of deadly outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

“Based upon the circumstances, the Board decided with a heavy heart that it is not advisable to hold and conduct this year’s Shri Amarnath ji Yatra and expressed its regret to announce the cancellation of Yatra 2020,” a statement issued by Raj Bawan said. “The Board is aware of and respects the sentiments of millions of devotees and to keep the religious sentiments alive, the Board shall continue the Live Telecast/ Virtual Darshan of the morning and evening Aarti.”

“Further, the traditional rituals shall be carried out as per past practice. Also, the Chhadi Mubarak shall be facilitated by the government,” added the statement from Raj Bhawan.

The members of Shri Amarnath ji Shrine Board (SASB), participated virtually through a video conference to discuss the conduct of the Yatra 2020. The meeting was attended by B.V.R. Subrahmanyam, Chief Secretary; Bipul Pathak, CEO SASB;  Anup Kumar Soni, Additional CEO SASB and other senior officers of the Shrine Board. “Threadbare discussion was held on the current circumstances of COVID-19 pandemic and its likely impact on the Yatra,” the statement said adding that the Board discussed the Supreme Court order dated July 13, in which the decision to conduct the Yatra was left to the administration/ government after assessing the ground realities prevailing in Jammu & Kashmir.

Holy Cave of Shri Amarnath ji Shiv Lingam

The Board was informed that the arrangements were on track since February 2020, but due to nationwide lockdown and COVID-19 pandemic, State Executive Committee, J&K has still continued to keep religious places and places of worship closed for the public. These prohibitions continue till July 31.

“The Board further discussed that pandemic has put the health administration system to its limit,” it said adding that the spike has been particularly very sharp in July. 

“Health workers and security forces are also getting infected and the focus of entire medical, civil and police administration at the moment is on containing the local transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic,” the statement said. “The health concerns are so serious that the strain on the health system, along with the diversion in resources to the Yatra, will be immense. This would also unnecessarily put the Yatris at risk of catching the COVID-19.”

On the other hand, security forces were all ready for Yatra. All the Yatra routes, Pahalgam and Balthal come under Awantipora base counter insurgency grid Victor Force.

“We had complete exercise in collaboration with police and paramilitary forces,” a senior Army officer of Victor Force told News Intervention. “Hills around Amarnath Yatra route have already been sanitized under Operation Shiva started by the Rashtriya Rifles,” he said. “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) were also being used for surveillance of the Yatra route and cave shrine.”

Indian Army said that during the operation, soldiers carry out combing of forests located along the yatra track.

Pakistan Army raids Jahao villages, mass arrests in occupied Balochistan

Pakistan Army conducted a major operation in the Jahao area of ​​district Awaran in occupied Balochistan district on Monday morning where it arrested most of the people of the two villages and took them away to a military camp.

Sources in Balochistan told News Intervention that on Monday morning the Pakistani Army laid siege to two villages, Malagzi and Pirjan Goth in the Jahao area of Awaran and detained all the men. The Pakistan Army then took away all these arrested men to a nearby military camp. The Pakistani security forces gave no reasons for these mass arrests.

At the time of writing this report the mobile network in Jahao continues to be shut down and all the village people are still under the custody of Pakistan Army.

Villages in Jahao and other surrounding areas in district Awaran have been under constant Pakistani military operation. Pakistan Army has been using helicopter gunships and sophisticated machine guns to fire upon the unarmed Baloch people in an effort to suppress the freedom struggle in Balochistan. The raids on Jahao villages are part of Pakistan Army’s continued atrocities on Baloch people.

67 attacks in 6 months on Pak forces: BLF Freedom Fighters

The Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF) is striving for a free Balochistan since its inception. During the first six months of this year from January till June 2020, BLF carried out 67 attacks on the Pakistani forces. In these attacks more than one hundred and thirty one Pakistani soldiers were killed and over a hundred others were injured. Two motorcycles, one armored and ten Pakistani military vehicles were destroyed. BLF also attacked the camp of Pakistani military backed “Death Squads” and blew up and destroyed their three mobile network towers. BLF also killed two and injured four members of the Frontier Works Organization–a Pakistan Army construction company.

The core reason for the establishment of BLF has always been to reinstate the separate Baloch identity and regain motherland’s sovereignty from the occupier Pakistan.

After the Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF) was founded, the organisation along with armed struggle also began to create political and ideological awareness towards the Baloch nation and has endeavored to bring Baloch people from all walks of life together to join the armed struggle, so that the masses consciously, politically and ideologically get involved in the resistance, because, the struggle for independence is impossible without the participation of masses.

On the fundamental principle of freedom of occupied Balochistan, BLF is educating the Baloch nation to be ideologically and politically aware. Ideologically motivated BLF freedom fighters, along with armed resistance, have been expanding the struggle with political awareness across Balochistan.

Baloch nation is destroying the occupying Pakistan’s army and responding in a befitting manner to the parliamentarian tools, “Death Squads”, religious extremists including countering the occupying state’s propaganda machinery and its fake narrative.

BLF’s fundamental principle is to ensure vetting and educating BLF fighters enough so that the weapon in their hands remains a weapon in the hands of a revolutionary and their step never wobbles while defending their motherland. 

Today, across the length and breadth of occupied Balochistan, BLF’s brave fighters are present on the ground with their revolutionary weapon in defense of their country against Pakistan’s regular army and other security forces.

Certainly fighting on various fronts simultaneously against the Pakistan Army, federalists, local agents, informers, Death Squads, drug dealers and religious extremists is difficult. But at every given moment, BLF fighters are sacrificing their lives and vigorously leading the Baloch national struggle on the principles of the organization towards the ultimate goal.

Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF) is the embodiment of its martyrs and nation’s unaccounted sacrifices, and if God wills, the struggle, with the organization’s principles and values will reach the destination.

The journey is certainly long and difficult, but the destination of this revolutionary war is independent Balochistan upon which Baloch’s survival and national identity depends.

BLF pays homage and offers tribute to the martyr Zahid and Hammal Baloch

On 25 April 2020, Zahid and Hammal Baloch were shot dead by the operatives of Pakistani intelligence agencies. Martyr Zahid alias Murad was a network commander and held the rank of a Lieutenant in BLF. He was fighting against the enemy for twelve years from the platform of BLF for an independent Balochistan. Martyr Hammal Baloch alias Fazal Baloch was serving the movement through BLF’s platform for the last ten years.

Lieutenant Zahid, alias Murad of the Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF) attained martyrdom on 25th April 2020 while fighting the Pakistani forces.

We pay homage and offer tributes to the martyrs of Parom

On 25 April 2020, at around 3 AM, the Pakistani military and its death squads surrounded the Baloch freedom fighters in Yar Mohammad Bazar in Kallag Kaur area of district ​​Panjgur, Balochistan, where a battle began between the occupying army and BLF freedom fighters that went on for at least 12 hours. The next day, at around 1 PM, after the retreat of Pakistani ground forces their military’s combat helicopters began shelling and martyred four of our fighters. Major Noora, son of Sher Dil alias Peerak, Lieutenant Nawaz son of Haji Ghulam Hussain, Abdul Malik son of Haji Ghulam Hussain resident of Parom and Momin son of Muhammad Azeem resident of Buleda Salo were martyred in the assault. The occupying army was assisted in the clash by the local death squads. Several members of the Pakistan Army and death squad were killed and wounded during the clash.

Chronology of BLF attacks on the Pakistani establishment from January 2020 till June 2020 across occupied Balochistan

January

4th January, 2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Darsezi area of Mazan-Band, Dasht, District Kech, Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

9th January 2020 — BLF attacked Pakistan military backed Death Squads camp with hand grenades in Singanisar area of Turbat, district Kech, Balochistan and inflicted heavy causalities.

11th January 2020 — BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with heavy and automatic weapons in Teertej area of Kolwah district Awaran, Balochistan. Two rockets landed inside the camp due to which the military faced heavy causalities.

February

7th February 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with hand grenades in Main Bazar Turbat area of district Kech, Balochistan. One Pakistan military personnel killed and three were injured.

12th February 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with rocket launchers and automatic weapons in Labach Dansar area of district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. Three Pakistani military personnel were killed and two were injured in this attack.

There was also an attack on the Pakistan military check-post with rocket launchers and automatic weapons in Kaur-e-Datt area of district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. Two Pakistan military personnel were killed and two others were injured in this attack.

On this day, BLF also attacked Pakistan military backed Death Squads camp with rocket launchers and heavy weapons in Labach Dansar area of district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and inflicted heavy causalities to them.

13th February 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with rocket launchers and automatic weapons in Kuch area of Pirandar, district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and inflicted heavy losses to the occupying forces.

BLF also blew up a mobile network tower, in Gazzi area of Pirandar, district Awaran occupied Balochistan, which was used by the military for communication purposes.

16th February 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with automatic weapons in Madag-e-Kalat area of district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Two Pakistan military personnel were killed and two were injured in this attack.

BLF also attacked Pakistan military’s Miani Kalat check-post with rocket launchers and automatic weapons in Wadi Mashkay of district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. Two military personnel were killed and three were injured in this attack.

19th February 2020 – Skirmish between the Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF) fighters and Pakistan military in Madag-e-Kaur area of district Kech, occupied Balochistan. In this skirmish BLF fighters managed to escape and then surrounded the Pakistani military from the other side and attacked them. As a result three Pakistan military personnel were killed and two were injured in this attack.

March

1st March 2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Maleshband area of Mashkay, district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

2nd March 2020 – BLF ambushed Pakistan’s military patrolling team with automatic weapons in Katrenz area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Three military personnel were killed and one was injured in this attack.

3rd March 2020 –  BLF ambushed Pakistan military convoy which consisted of two motorcycles and an armored vehicle with automatic weapons and rocket launchers in Jahani Aap area of Buleda, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Six Pakistan military personnel were killed and four were injured in this attack. Both the motorcycles and the armored vehicles were partially damaged. During the attack more military vehicles of rescue team arrived that were also attacked leaving four more Pakistan military personnel dead.

On this day BLF also attacked Pakistan military check-post with heavy weapons in Katrenz area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Two military personnel were killed.

4th March 2020 – BLF blew up Ufone mobile phone network tower, in Bundiki area of Mashkay, district Awaran occupied Balochistan, which was only for the use of military and its Death Squads’ communications.

5th March 2020 –  BLF ambushed Pakistan military convoy consisted of three military vehicles with automatic weapons and rocket launchers in Makki Kaur area of Wadi Mashkay, district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. One of the military vehicles was totally destroyed due to which all six Pakistan military personnel in the vehicle were killed.

14th March 2020 – Skirmish between the Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF) fighters and Pakistan military in Meerabad area of Tump, district Kech, occupied Balochistan, in which all BLF fighters managed to escape and inflicted heavy causalities to the occupying forces.

17th March 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military camp with heavy weapons and rocket launchers in Bazdad area of Jahoo, district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and inflicted heavy causalities to the occupying forces.

19th March 2020 – Skirmish between the Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF) and Pakistan military in Gazzi Kaur area of Jahoo, district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. In this skirmish BLF fighters managed to escape and then set a trap in the mountains of Jahoo. The Pakistani military fell into that trap as BLF fighters attacked them killing 10 Pak military personnel, and injuring more than a dozen.

21st March 2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Apsaar area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

On this day there was also an attack on the Pakistan Army’s construction company Frontier Works Organization (FWO) with automatic weapons and rocket launchers between Shand and Rideeg area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Two FWO workers were killed and several injured.

24th March 2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Chokkaap area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

26th March 2020 –  BLF ambushed Pakistan’s military convoy with automatic weapons in Dazeeg Kaur area of Gomazi, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Two military personnel were killed and four were injured in this attack.

30th March 2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Raghey area of district Washuk, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

April

3rd April  2020 – BLF attacked and burnt down two trucks loaded with chromite near Jahani Kaur in Wall-e-Patt area of Bela district Kech, occupied Balochistan.

7th April  2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post twice in Rodan area of Gawak, Mand district Kech, occupied Balochistan and killed two Pakistan military personnel.

8th April  2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Mehi area of Mashkay, district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

11th April  2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with rocket launchers and automatic weapons in Gawak area of Mand, District Kech, occupied Balochistan. Two Pakistani military personnel were killed and two were injured in this attack.

21st April  2020 – BLF fired two 107 mm rockets on Gwadar National Airport in Gorandani area of district Gwadar. Both the rockets landed inside the airport due to which deaths of military personnel were reported and inflicted heavy causalities to the construction site.

23rd April 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with  automatic weapons in Bagzo area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Several military personnel were killed and injured in this attack.

Sepoy Hammal Baloch alias Fazal Baloch of the Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF) attained martyrdom in April 2020 while fighting the Pakistani forces.

30th April 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with automatic weapons in Sheraz area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Two military personnel were killed and one injured in this attack.

May

1st May 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military convoy consisted of six military vehicles with automatic weapons in Sheraz area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan and inflicted heavy causalities.

On this day, BLF also attacked Pakistan military check-post with snipers and heavy weapons in Geshar Dann area of Zamuran, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Just after this attack BLF fighters carried out another attack on Pakistan military’s Jungli Check post. In these two attacks 4 Pakistani military personnel were killed and 3 others were injured.

4th May 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military vehicles carrying ration for the military personnel constructing a new post, both the trucks carrying ration were confiscated in Marastan area of Kolwah district Kech, occupied Balochistan.

On this day BLF also attacked Pakistan’s military check-post with snipers and heavy weapons in Ziarath Dann area of district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. Four Pakistan military personnel were killed and several were injured in this attack.

There was also an attack on the Pakistan military check-post with snipers and automatic weapons in Chokkaap area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Four military personnel were killed and two others were injured in this attack.

8th May 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with snipers in Dokop area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Two military personnel were killed in this attack.

10th May 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military camp with snipers, rocket launchers and latest weapons near Kadday Hotel in district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Three military personnel were killed and several got injured in this attack.

BLF Snipers also attacked a Pakistani military check-post in Aapsar area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

17th May 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with snipers in Singistan Kandag area of Mand, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Two Pakistani military personnel were killed in this attack.

18th May 2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Tump area of district Kech, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

On this day the BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Mehi area of Mashkay, district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel. After the attack Pakistani military went after BLF fighters where they were attacked again due to which several military personnel got killed and wounded.

21st May 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan’s military convoy that consisted of three military vehicles with automatic and heavy weapons in Dandaar area of district Kech, occupied Balochistan. One of the military vehicles got completed destroyed, six Pakistan military personnel were killed and two were injured in this attack.

23rd May 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military camp with heavy and automatic weapons near Kala Kaur area of Parom district Panjgur, occupied Balochistan. Six Pakistan military personnel were killed and three others were injured in this attack.

28th May 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military camp with heavy and automatic weapons near Balochabad area of Raghey district Washuk, occupied Balochistan and inflicted heavy causalities to the occupying forces.

On this day, BLF also attacked Pakistan military check-post with heavy and automatic weapons in Gwand Saren area of Hoshaab, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. Two Pakistan military personnel were killed and one was injured in this attack.

June

6th June 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military camp with Rocket Launchers, heavy and automatic weapons near Atta Bazar in Jahoo area of district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. Six Pakistan military personnel were killed and several others got injured in this attack.

On this day BLF also attacked a Pakistan military check-post with heavy and automatic weapons in Noken Rah area of Dasht, district Kech, occupied Balochistan. One Pakistan military personnel was killed in this attack.

14th June 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with Rocket Launchers, heavy and automatic weapons in Zarankuli area of Pirandar district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. Four military personnel were killed and several others were injured in this attack.

16th June 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with Rocket Launchers, heavy and automatic weapons in Pondoki area of district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and inflicted heavy causalities to the occupying forces.

BLF also attacked a Pakistan military convey with an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) in Kuchh area of Peerandar district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. The IED hit one of the targeted military vehicle due to which the vehicle was completely destroyed and all military personnel were killed.

17th June 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military camp with Rocket Launchers, heavy and automatic weapons in Gajjali area of Mashkay district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. The military personnel were attacked at the time when they were busy playing football in the camp’s football ground. One military guard on the gate was killed as BLF freedom fighters opened fire and then started firing rocket launchers in football ground due to which several Pakistan military personnel were killed and injured in the attack.

19th June 2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Manguli area of Mashkay district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

BLF Snipers also attacked Pakistani military check-post in Bundiki area of Mashkay district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel. There was also an attack on the Pakistani telecommunications tower in Mashkay area of district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. The telecom tower was partially damaged.

20th June 2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Maleshband area of Mashkay district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

22nd June 2020 – BLF Snipers attacked Pakistani military check-post in Gazzi Kaur area of Jahoo district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

BLF Snipers also attacked a Pakistani military check-post in Mehi area of Mashkay district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and killed one Pakistan military personnel.

24th June 2020 – BLF attacked Pakistan military check-post with Rocket Launchers in Mehi area of Mashkay district Awaran, occupied Balochistan and inflicted heavy causalities to the occupying forces.

26th June 2020 –  BLF attacked Pakistan military camp with Rocket Launchers and latest weapons in Karkas Paghud area of Wadi Mashkay district Awaran, occupied Balochistan. Three Pakistani military personnel were killed and several were injured in this attack.

Interview with Himanshi Upadhyay of “My Home is a Suitcase”

My Home is a Suitcase” is a play by Rzgar Hama about individuals who sought new lives as immigrants. It is based out of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. These are real stories. The next few interviews will be from some of the individual readers of their stories of beginning new lives in Canadian society. Hama is known for several plays, including “Soldierland” with some professional commentary by Dr. Marvin Westwood and Dr. George Belliveau of The University of British Columbia in “Dr. Marvin Westwood & Dr. George Belliveau on SOLDIERLAND a play Written and Directed by Rzgar Hama.” Here I speak with Himanshi Upadhyay on “My Home is a Suitcase.”

Scott Douglas Jacobsen: We’ll keep this focused on an initiative by Sky Theatre Group under Rzgar, “My Home is a Suitcase.” How did you find the Sky Theatre Group?

Himanshi Upadhyay: I saw an advertisement on Facebook.

Jacobsen: How did you become involved with “My Home is a Suitcase”?

Upadhyay: When I first contacted Rzgar, frankly speaking, I didn’t know what it was going to be. I attended the meeting with other participants. Everything he said was so interesting for me because I always wanted to be a part of something creative and meaningful. So, at first, we started to write something about our lives and shared with each other. Then we wrote some of the key moments of our lives. After that, whole stories like when, why, and how we migrated to Canada and how our lives were before that decision to immigrate, etc. During all those meetings Rzgar, Hila, and Lenora also taught us some acting exercises and some writing skills. Overall, it was a long journey that we all did together and developed a bond with each other and the project “My Home is a Suitcase.”

Jacobsen: What was the experience of telling the story – without telling your story – to some of the public and peers who made a new life for themselves?

Upadhyay: At first, it was scary :). Everybody was a complete stranger to me. I didn’t want those unknown people to judge me. But then, I realized that everybody has something to say here. I saw that no one is judging anyone. Everyone had their own set of problems or struggles in their lives, but there was a mutual respect for each other. So with time, I became comfortable sharing the story, in sharing my life, with all the participants.

But again, the moment came when I was in front of the public to share my story with no control about how they were going to judge me or think about me, I got goosebumps. Then I just imagined that the whole room is filled with my friends and they are curious about my life and after that, it was an amazing experience. People were so good. After the reading, two of the ladies came to me said, “We can totally relate to your story. We are so proud that you made a decision for yourself.

Jacobsen: What was working with a seasoned, veteran playwright and director like for you?

Upadhyay: It is really a learning experience. I am using “is” because the project is still going on. I have learnt so many things so far about theatre and public reading. Rzgar gave some acting classes before Covid-19 hit and that time I thought, “Wow, acting is not so easy. It’s exhausting,” but, yet, you have to show what you are doing is effortless. One more thing I liked about Rzgar. He imagines the whole play so well that you are just left amazed by his creativity.

Jacobsen: What are you hoping some of the audience takes home with them when the final production comes out?

Upadhyay: Respect for their lives. Because that’s what happened to me. I just realized after listening to others’ stories that we should respect what God is giving us because many people are seeing us as the lucky ones. Also, they will see that “immigrant” is not just a word. It has a whole story of a living soul behind it.

Jacobsen: Thank you for the opportunity and your time, Himanshi.

Upadhyay: Thank you so much, Scott, I am glad we are taking “My Home is a Suitcase” to the next level.

Photo by Emanuela Picone on Unsplash

Image Credit: Soran Mardookhi, and Rzgar Hama/Sky Theatre Group.

Chinese gimmicks that turned Line of Actual Control into Line of No Control

India has a 3,488 km long frontier with China along Xinjiang, Ugyur, Zizhiqu and Tibet. Of this, 1,597 km is in Ladakh, 200 km in Himachal Pradesh, 345 km in Uttrakhand, 220 km in Sikkim and 1126 km in Arunachal Pradesh. Interestingly, Xinjiang and Tibet regions are under forcible occupation of China and should actually be called China Occupied East Turkestan (COET) and China Occupied Tibet (COT), respectively. The second interesting point is that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was not even born when these boundaries were firmed by the British and the existing governments of these regions on the principle of watershed and crest from Karakoram pass in Ladakh to Kibitu in East ArunachaI Pradesh.

In Ladakh, the border was well defined by the Dogra Dynasty rulers and was accepted by independent India on October 26, 1947 when Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir signed the Instrument of Accession to join the Indian Union. The boundary coincided with the “Johnson-Ardagh Line” of British India that had been accepted by the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and Tibet. 

Johnson Ardagh Line   

British India wanted a clear demarcation line on Tibet/Xinjiang and Ladakh frontiers as a precaution against expansionist Russia. In 1865, Sir W.H. Johnson, the then Surveyor General of India was given the responsibility to carry out the survey in Ladakh. He endorsed that the border of Khotan, an ancient Kingdom now a part of Xinjiang, was till the Kun Lun mountain range and the Karakash Valley was within Jammu and Kashmir. The boundary of Jammu and Kashmir stretched from Sanju Pass in the west to Eastern most edge of Chang Chenmo Valley along Kun Lun mountain range.

The proposal was finally approved by Major General John Ardagh, Chief of Military Intelligence at London in 1897. The legal boundary between India and East Turkmenistan was thus based all along the Kun Lun Range and was called the “Johnson Ardagh Line.”

Map depicting the Johnson Ardagh Line

In 1893, Hung Ta Chen, a top Chinese official, provided to the Russians a map marked with frontiers coinciding with the Johnson Ardagh Line. An Atlas published by the Government of China in 1933 showed the Johnson Ardagh Line as a border between Xinjiang and India. Peking University Atlas also confirmed Aksai Chin as part of India. It was thus accepted by all parties as a frontier.

The government of India, post independence, fixed the official boundary in the state of Jammu and Kashmir along the Kun Lun mountain range as defined by Johnson Ardagh Line.

McCartney McDonald  Line 

The Chinese, in 1896, on instigation by the Russians, submitted a map to Mr George McCartney, the British Counsel in Kashgar, that proposed another boundary line in this region. The proposal was developed by Sir Claude Mcdonald, British Envoy in China and approved by Lord Elgin, Governor General of India in 1899. The boundary line was shifted due South West of Johnson Line along Lakstang Mountain Range. It placed Lingzi Plains in India but Aksai Chin which was North of Lakstang range was shown as part of Tibet. This line was not ratified by any government, but CCP, in 1959, proposed to India to consider McCartney Line as the new frontier. CCP was ready to drop its claim on NEFA (North-East Frontier Agency) in return; the then Congress party led government in India did not agree.

McMahon Line

A treaty had been signed between Russia and Britain in 1907, accepting Chinese Suzerainty on Tibet. Tibetan rulers were not happy and refused to endorse the treaty but under pressure and military coercion by the British, the terms were accepted.

A tripartite conference was held at Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) on April 27, 1914. The British representative was Sir Henry McMahon, Tibet was represented by Lanchen Shatara and nationalist China by Ivan Chen. The finalised map and proceeding (called the McMahon Line) were signed by Tibet and India on July 3, 1914. This was done in the absence of a Chinese representative and was later objected by China. Tibet had also wanted Tawang to be its part. In 1937, the Shimla Convention was approved by British India and Survey of India published maps showing McMahon Line as the legal International border between Tibet and India.

Map depicting the McMohan Line

After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Tibet declared itself as an independent nation in 1915 under the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyasto.

Tawang was occupied in April 1938 by a special force led by Captain G S Lightfoot. When the force left, the Tibetans again moved into Tawang and occupied it till 1951. Post independence, the North-Eastern region was called the North East Frontier Tract (NEFT).  A column of 2 Assam Rifles led by Major Bob Khathing (A Tangkhul Naga) liberated Tawang on April 20, 1951 and unfurled the Tricolour at Bum la. Thus, McMahon Line became the legal frontier and the region was renamed North East Frontier Agency (NEFA). Later, in 1972, it became the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh and a full-fledged state of India on February 20, 1987.

The situation changed when the communists came to power in China in October, 1949. At that time, India, under Jawaharlal Nehru, was aspiring leadership of the Non-Aligned Movement and following a foreign policy of “Peace and Tranquility” with its neighbours. India was one of the first countries to recognise Communist China in 1949. Nehru further sponsored China to the United Nations and helped the country get a permanent seat in the Security Council. The Indian government signed the Panchsheel Agreement with China. It was based on five principles of peaceful coexistence. Accordingly, there was very thin military deployment on the northern frontier by India.

Independent India, post-1947, was absolutely clear that the International Border remained distinctly marked in East as McMahon Line in Sikkim , Uttrakhand  and Himachal Pradesh as the present line, and in Ladakh as the Johnson Ardagh  Line.

Nehru was shocked when, in August 1950, Chinese troops annexed Tibet and made it a part of China. The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, signed a 17 point treaty with China in 1951. The Indian Government recognised Tibet as part of the People’s Republic of China. In 1956-57, there was an uprising in Tibet by CIA trained guerrillas who ambushed PLA convoys. The Chinese inducted several divisions and suppressed the rebellion. The Dalai Lama escaped in 1959 with his followers to Tawang and settled permanently in India.

China then contended that Tibet had never been a sovereign nation and had no power to execute the treaty with India which created the McMahon Line. It claimed the whole of NEFA (North-East Frontier Agency) as South Tibet. In the northern frontier too, Chinese forces clandestinely occupied Aksai Chin in 1956 and made a 185 km long Highway G-219 joining  Xinjiang and Tibet. A delayed action by a sleeping India was the adoption of the “Forward Policy” which resulted in the Sino-India War of 1962.

China launched a surprise attack across the McMahon Line and reached till Rupa Post on the foothills of the Himalayas overlooking the River Brahmaputra. This was the point of the Chinese claim and was almost 200 km into Indian Territory from Bum la, overrunning garrisons of Tawang, Se La and Bomdi la. 

Post the 1962 debacle, the Chinese did retreat but continued to occupy almost 38,000 sq km of Indian territory that they wanted. Zhau Enlai, in a  polite letter to Nehru christened the new boundary as the Line of Actual  Control (LAC), a loose ad hoc frontier based on the Actual Ground Position Line.

Line of Actual Control (Line of No Control)

The LAC runs from Karakoram Pass in the North West to Chumar camp  across River Indus on a frontage of approximately 450 km. There are a few important features and river junctions on the LAC. First is the Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO), an old camp site and village just below the Karakoram Pass that has a functional Air strip and is now linked with a Class 40 all weather 255 km long road (DSDBO Road) from the Darbuk Cantonment. Second is the Chip Chap River Valley that originates from the Karakoram range. Third is the Despang Plains where the LAC runs along a 25 km long open area. Fourth, the Galwan River that is about 80 km long and originates from Samzunglin in Kun Lun mountains and joins the Shyok River. Fifth, Chang Chenmo Valley in the south that touches Gogra camp and goes further 3 km to the east at Hot Springs police memorial point; Hot Springs is a hot Sulphur spring with a temperature of 107 degree Fahrenheit even under sub-zero conditions. Another 6 km to the East is Kongka La held by India. Sixth, Pangong Lake where LAC crosses near Finger 8 and approaches Rezang La, East of Chusul. Seventh, Village Demchok, in Nyoma Tehsil, an old British Military camp site on the Indus River, also called Demochang.  Lastly, Chumar Camp, a Border outpost and meeting point located at an elevation of 16,700 feet overlooking Himachal Pradesh.

Thus, was created a new border which was not well defined, marked or based on a watershed and continues to create confusion. Despite all agreements, the Chinese keep declaring a new claim line to irritate India. They carry out illegal activities in buffer zones in the form of temporary intrusions. It has happened several times after the 1962 war. The Chinese were given a bloody nose at the battles in Nathu La and Cho La at Sikkim in 1967. Indian forces further checkmated them at Sumdorong Chu Valley, Twang in 1986/1987. They were stopped at DBO (Daulat-Beg Oldie) in 2000 and Shubansiri sector in Arunachal Pradesh in 2003; again at DBO in 2013.

In the present context they attempted an intrusion at Naku La on May 5/6 2020, and again at Patrolling Point 14 in Galwan Valley on June 15 where they were forced back in a major clash with the Indian forces.

India has been trying to defend the points on LAC as marked on a handmade map. Sadly, the situation is such that due to Chinese irascibility that the Line of actual Control has become a Line of No Control. What is definite here is that the Indian nation and particularly the Indian Army will not allow China to get away with its expansionist designs. The necessary national resolve and military power to ensure this is available with India.  The sooner China realises this the better it will be.

DWDC – Fundraising Goal Has Been Met at More Than $80,000

Dying With Dignity Canada (DWDC), with its 40th anniversary celebrated, has been on a successful streak in its fundraising efforts with the question arising about the need to make calls for more funding.

On the one hand, many secular organizations need finances more because of the tighter purses with the coronavirus pandemic ongoing. On the other hand, it becomes an issue having to ask for more money as an organization.

The issue with secular organizations is that they do not necessarily have the formalized infrastructure of zakat or tithing, which makes donations, grants, etc., important for closing the secular and religious organizational financial gap.

With such gaps, many of the secular organizations are forced into precarious situations of requesting funding while having to double down on said requests in times of organizational or cultural crisis. C-19 is one such time.

Nonetheless, many organizations have happily, been pulling through for improved functionality in regard to the fundraising. With DWDC, it is one of those organizations.

The organization has reported several positive and encouraging messages in spite of the pandemic. They have been met with “best wishes and congratulations” for the 40 years of service as an organization.

There were some in reference to specific great successes of the organizations including the Carter v. Canada Supreme Court of Canada decision influencing the right to die movement in Canadian society.

The supporters who were giving the aforementioned best wishes and congratulations were providing some personal stories based on the decision of the highest court in Canadian jurisprudence.

“Throughout the last two weeks, these communications have fueled me and my team — and so clearly confirmed that we have an incredibly generous community who is willing to go the extra mile when asked,” Helen Long, CEO of DWDC stated, “But before I say anything else, I must say: thank you, thank you, thank you. Thank you for taking the time to engage with our blog posts, petitions, social media posts, webinars — and, yes, donation requests.”

In particular, she was greatful for members and others utilizing the resources, educational and otherwise, online, as well as the Advance Care Planning Kits of DWDC. As Long reported to the community, they reached the total fundraising goal of $40,000 with an anonymous donor matching the funds for a total $80,000 in additional finances for them.

For the rest of the Summer and the Fall, DWDC, based on the new funding, will be working on the following projects, as reported by Long:

  • Coordinate with federal legislators to make sure Bill C-7 is passed into law;
  • Engage Canadians across the country as part of Canada’s five-year legislative review process for our medical assistance in death law;
  • Connect patients, independent witnesses and clinicians to improve access to assisted dying, particularly in more remote regions;
  • Promote our Advance Care Planning Kits and other educational resources to new supporters across the country; and
  • Hold a range of webinars and other virtual engagement opportunities to share stories, experiences and actions that further our growing movement.

This fundraising and the projects ongoing for 2020 in the midst of the pandemic remain a win for the secular movements on the right to die movement.

Photo by Loren Cutler on Unsplash

NCSE – Climate Change Assembly Bill 1922 (California)

California State is known as one of the more science-friendly and technologically savvy states in the union. ​One bill, Assembly Bill 1922, passed away in its slumber on June 19 of 2010, according to Glenn Branch of the National Center for Science Education (NCSE). This was the last day possible for Assembly Bill 1922 to pass within the legislative session.

With acceptance or approval of the bill, Californa would have adopted its coursework from grades 1 through 12 for an addition on the “causes and effects of climate change.” Unfortunately, since it was not ‘accepted,’ but, rather, rejected, this defeated the possibility of this bill becoming a reality. 

​Glenn Branch, deputy director of the NCSE, reported, “Additionally, at least one of the two courses required for graduation from high school would have had to include such material.​”​

There were 18 active bills in ten state legislations in 2020 seeking to promote a change in the educational curricula of the states for the inclusion of climate change from kindergarten through to grade 12. None have been passed.

​”…​ two bills in New Jersey (Assembly Bill 2767 and Senate Bill 1970) and five bills in New York (Assembly Bills 9831 and 9886 and Senate Bills 6837, 6877, and 7341) are apparently still active, while the remainder have died​,” Branch concluded.​

Photo by Micah Tindell on Unsplash

Christian Sorensen on the High-Range and Moving Forward

Christian is a Philosopher that comes from Belgium. What identifies him the most and above all is simplicity, for everything is better with “vanilla flavour.” Perhaps, for this reason, his intellectual passion is criticism and irony, in the sense of trying to reveal what “hides behind the mask,” and give birth to the true. For him, ignorance and knowledge never “cross paths.” What he likes the most in his leisure time, is to go for a walk with his wife.

Scott Douglas Jacobsen: Let’s focus a tad on some of the most exclusive high-IQ groups known: The Giga Society, the Mega Society, the OLYMPIQ Society, etc. The Giga Society known membership of Thomas R. A. Wolf, Matthew Scillitani, Andreas Gunnarsson, Scott Ben Durgin, Dany Provost, Rolf Mifflin, Paul Johns, Evangelos G. Katsioulis, and Rick Rosner. The Mega Society membership listing semi-known. The OLYMPIQ Society membership to date: Dr. Evangelos G. Katsioulis, MD, MSc, PhD, Bart Miles, Laura N. Kochen, D.X.J., Christophe Dodos, Steve Schuessler, George Ch. Petasis, A.F., Jonas Högberg, Mari Takishita, J. W., Thomas B., Jan Willem Versluis, Alexander Prata Maluf, Dr. Christopher Philip Harding, Oliver Q., Wayne Zhang, Martin Tobias Lithner, Miguel Angel Soto-Miranda, M.D., Hever Horacio Arreola Gutierrez, Wang Peng, Takahiro Kitagawa, Andreas Andersson, Lee HanKyung, M.D., Julio Machado, Misaki Ota, Erik Hæreid, Santanu Sengupta, Qiao Hansheng, Dr. Benoit Desjardins, MD, PhD, Wen-Chin Sui, Yaron Mirelman, JMoriarty, Fan Yiwen, Zhibin Zhang (张智彬), Chen Anping, Dr. Yasunobu Egawa, Ph.D., Raymond Walbrecq, Junlong Li(李俊龙, Prof. Vernon M. Neppe MD, PhD, Nth Bar-Fields, Susumu Ota, Li Shimin, Marios Prodromou, Rickard Sagirbay, Dan Liu (刘丹), YoungHoon Bryan Kim (김영훈), W. C., Jo Christopher Montalban Resquites, and Entemake Aman. Some were simply listed as anonymous, but these come from straight from the website for OLYMPIQ. Pars Society of Baran Yönter looks defunct. PolymathIQ Society seems defunct. Sigma V seems functional while old in its setup with 12 open members, including Hindemburg Melão Jr., Petri Widsten, Alexandre Prata Maluf, Rauno Lindström, Peter David Bentley, Bart Lindekens, Joachim Lahav, Marc Heremans, Staffan Svensson, Will Fletcher, Guilherme Marques dos Santos Silva, and Lloyd King. Sigma V seems functional while old in its setup with 12 open members, including Hindemburg Melon Jr., Petri Widsten, Alexandre Prata Maluf (Prospective member), and Peter David Bentley (Prospective member). The Unicorn Society seems like or merged with the Sigma Society (one of them), and largely paralyzed if not defunct. Ultima Society seems functional while mainly based on the personality, tests, and opinions of Ivan Ivec. Ivec lists Steve Fell’s artwork, World Famous IQ scores, etc. Nano Society seems defunct. One in Five Society of Huck Nembelton appears defunct. PolymathIQ Society of Ron Altmann looks defunct. Universal Genius Society of Brennan Martin seems defunct. Omega seems to have some members with Adam Kisby, Angell O. de la Sierra, Brian M. Schwartz, Brian Wiksell, Dany Provost, David Michael Fabian, David Smith, John Fahy, Kemin Tsung, Patrick J. Maitland, Richard May, a.k.a. May-Tzu, Robert S. Munday, and Ken Shea. Grail Society of Paul Cooijmans appears functional, but open to applicants so to speak. GenerIQ of Mislav Predavec appears functional. Pi Society of Nikos Lygeros appears open and active. Maybe, in another article, I can provide comprehensive research on the various societies for those with an interest, but I see this as tedious even with this minor presentation of the research. How accurate are measurements at the 1 in a 1,000,000 level or more?

Christian Sorensen: In my opinion it is possible to achieve accurate, reliable and valid measurements, up to a certain limit, below as well as above this rarity. The latest, as long as the utilized tests are applied by professionals, since they are the only ones, that besides being normalized, and standardized, actually have a solid scientific support. Under this perspective, at least the Wechsler Scale of Intelligence for Adults, in its R form, and because it integrates a concept denominated deterioration coefficient, regarding the age range of 75 years or more, is able to measures an IQ score up to 179 with 15 standard deviations, which would be equivalent to a rarity of 1 in 14,000,000.

Jacobsen: Also, there are test creators: Mislav Predavec, Robert Lato, Ivan Ivec, Pablo Fernández González, Ladislav Dubravský, Christoffer Collin, Jérôme-Olivier Billet, Bill Bultas, ‘Rottus,’ Nik Lygeros, Peter Schmies, Tommy Smith, Nicolas-Elena, Michael Dickheiser, Laurent Dubois, Dillon, Jason Betts, Kevin Langdon, Jeff Leonard, LiangTian, Ronald Hoeflin, Ivan Ivec, Paul Cooijmans, Iakovos Koukas, Xavier Jouve, Jonathan Wai, Zoran Bijac, Theodosis Prousalis, Gianluigi Lombardi, Brennan Martin, Miroslav Radojević, Andre Gangvik, Dawid Skyrzos, Gabriel Garofalo, Nitish Joshi, Gaetano Morelli, Beatrice Rescazzi, Jim Lorrimore, T. Hobstrom, Naoki Kouda, Christopher Harding, Leela Pappadioti, Anthony Lawson, Christian Backlund, James Dorsey, Tonny Sellen, Julien Arpen, Nikolaos U. Soulious, Paul Laurent, Andre Gangvik, Jonathan Wai, Yukun Wang, Benjamin Noh, Guillermo Alejandro Escarcega Pliego, Marc-Andre Nydegger, Randy Myers, Tor Arne Jorgenson, John Culkin, Valeria Lanari, Alexi Edin, Lunardini, Prettini, Sjoberg, Logan Smith, Gordon, Lunardini, Prettini, and many others. Any test creators who stand out here?

Sorensen: Actually no, because beyond the names mentioned within this list, and though there may be professional psychometrists such as Xavier Jouve, mathematicians like Ivan Ivec and Marco Ripa, or members of the high-IQ community, who try to work seriously as James Dorsey and Jason Betts indeed do… It may be sustained, that all the aforementioned qualifications, even if they’re taken together, they are not enough, since for a psychometric instrument, to really measure what it intends to measure, and not something else, or in other words, for being consistent and accurate with their measurements, when these must be repeated over time, inevitably a scientific refutation and empirical-experimental criticism is going to be contingently demanded. The latest, implies among other factors, a prolonged process of permanent revisions, as has occurred for example with Wechsler and Stanford-Binet scales, who have had more than 70 years of periodic updates. Therefore, in my opinion, and based on this context, none of those who are or is not here enlisted, seems to actually stand out, due to the fact, that I believe according to the parameters before indicated, that they lack the most fundamental methodological and experimental means, in order to be capable to hold demonstratively any of their jobs.

Jacobsen: What are some of the important considerations in reflection of the highest levels of ability?

Sorensen: I think that when speaking of IQ scores, which ultimately what they purport, is to be objective indicators of intelligence, what is essential, under any point of view, is that they manage to measure validly and reliably, its three main areas, that is to say the numeric, verbal and spatial ones, and in turn that IQ scores could be differential representatives, depending if whether they partially refer to one or another, or to the sum of these, in order to ultimately objectify a partial or general intelligence index. Likewise, as the infinitesimal percentage extreme of the general population is reached, along the highest capacity measurements, and therefore the probability of error increases, it is plausible to conclude since the probability of error is less, that if quantitative ranges of IQs with qualitative distinctions, instead of scores associated with discrete characteristics, are accurately defined, that then exceptionally high IQ measurements can be alluded and inferable with a reasonably acceptable level of reliability.

Jacobsen: What high scorers really impress you?

Sorensen: Mine.

Jacobsen: What are the various aspects of the WAIS deserving serious scrutiny and replication in alternative intelligence tests in the future to make them more robust?

Sorensen: On the one hand, to sustain a strict empirical methodology, that follows their developments and reviews, in order to give them enough predictive capacity. The fact that they should be reliably covering, the main areas of general intelligence, by being able to provide not only general IQ scores, but also partial calculations regarding each type of intelligence. And ultimately, to successfully and consistently approve the empirical refutations, through which science will surely confront them extensively over time.

Jacobsen: What subtest of the WAIS is the most predictive as a singular metric of general intelligence?

Sorensen: I think that the cubes subtest, since it is not interfered by cultural conditionings, and measures abstraction, analysis and synthesis capacities, which in my opinion, are the more reliable indicators, and therefore the best predictors of general intelligence.

Jacobsen: Mr. Sorensen, thank you for the chance to delve further into this topic much more, your experience and intelligence are much appreciated.

Sorensen: Thank you for this opportunity, and I hope that my citronic criticism, will serve to develop other professional tests, that can be more than mere games to hypertrophy the egos.

Image Credit: Christian Sorensen.

USCIRF – Anti-Cult Movement and Religious Regulation Report

The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) released a report on regulations of religion and an anti-cult movement ongoing. The Soviet Union era lives with us. Its impact, more precisely, lives on within the lives and communities of today’s Russians because of the impacts on the freedom of religion

As has been reported before, there is a dual-issue implicated here. There is internal repression of the Jehovah’s Witness membership by the Watchtower. While, at the same time, the freedom of religion would stipulate a freedom to practice religion, which the Russian and other governments violate via not respecting this, because of the various forms of legislative restrictions and governmental authorities’ crackdowns on these various groups.

The report from the USCIRF proposes some means by which to combat the violations to the rights of the Jehovah’s Witnesses to practice religion freely. One was recommending that the United States government state “RussiaTajikistan, and Turkmenistan as ‘countries of particular concern’ for their ongoing, systematic, and egregious religious freedom violations, and include Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan on its Special Watch List.”

Photo by Alexander Smagin on Unsplash

China’s Blitzkrieg: What’s the real intent?

The East Ladakh LAC (Line of Actual Control) imbroglio has been written about and discussed threadbare in the digital, print and TV with a range of emotions moving from despair a la ‘repeat of 1962’ to jubilation of an ‘all-powerful New India’, ready to ‘give a bloody nose’ to China.

Pragmatic Analysis and Overview of Chinese Actions along the LAC in East Ladakh

There has obviously been an intelligence and military oversight, either in terms of interpretation of Chinese intentions or of carrying out suitable counter measures like moving up formation reserves, forward posturing of artillery and mechanised forces, increasing patrolling and surveillance activities, strengthening of posts, and deploying mobile reserves to fill in the gaps. I would like to add, that hindsight is always easy to predict! Unlike the methodology followed every summer by China and India, this time the Chinese PLA exercised closer than usual to the LAC, and stayed put, which allowed the Chinese troops normally deployed in Tibet, to move forward and occupy the previously un-held areas. On the other hand, Indian troops including some formations from outside Ladakh region, ostensibly due to COVID-19 did not carry out corresponding exercises, which normally acted as a countervailing force to prevent exactly such a situation from happening.

One must accept that intentions of Chinese movement forward from their exercise areas to the LAC (to some extent it would have been camouflaged under the garb of regular border troops affiliated to those areas) should have been identified as unusual and alarming. Misreading Chinese intentions and initial hesitant response added to the confusion. China’s greatest strength in TAR (Tibet Autonomous Region) lies in its infrastructure in terms of rail link to Lhasa from mainland, numerous airfields, multiple roads of entry from hinterland to forward locations/LAC, its logistical stamina and smooth supply chain, providing capability to deploy large quantum of formations ranging from mechanized/motorized, artillery, army aviation, engineers, air defence, rocket forces, communication and surveillance units and most importantly logistic supply chains, in an operationally quick time frame.

To sum up, China’s wherewithal to mobilise is truly impressive and vast in scale. Notwithstanding the above, we acted with great alacrity by our expeditious commensurate mirror deployment, mobilization of the IAF (Indian Air Force), combat hardened formations and troops, terrain familiarization and altitude acclimatisation, and mobilization of additional reserves. Tactically and operationally in East Ladakh our Army and IAF is fully confident and capable of handling all challenges without getting militarily embarrassed. By all accounts China’s well laid out plans to gain valuable strategic territory and embarrass the Indian Armed Forces and India has been stalled at least temporarily. In fact, China would risk embarrassment if it continues the misadventure, as even a stalemate by India will indicate China’s loss of face, to which they hold tremendous importance.

The Emerging Operational Story of PLA in Ladakh

Starting late January/February 2020, the PLA began what was viewed as routine mobilisation for annual exercises in Xinjiang, which borders Ladakh. As brought out earlier, this year in a major departure from the earlier annual exercises, PLA troops for the first time moved closer to the border, while border frontier troops remained in forward areas. There was sufficient visibility and knowledge about PLA moving into TAR (Tibet Autonomous Region). In January 2020, President Xi Jinping issued a new Training Mobilisation Order (TMO) for strengthening military training in real combat conditions and “to maintain a high level of readiness”. The new order updated the 2019 TMO, which was the first such order to be signed by Pres Xi, and had called for implementing new military training guidelines announced by him in 2018 to improve combat readiness.

This dramatically altered the pattern of annual exercises and China’s forward deployment posture, not just with India but also in other theatres, where tensions have flared this summer including Japan, Taiwan and in the South and East China Sea (SCS and ECS). It called for confrontational training to assess commanders in real-time combat situations and deal with a multi-front situation. This TMO (Training Mobilisation Order) is likely to be in place till at least 2021. And if this input is true, it is extremely bold and in keeping with President Xi’s hurry to achieve the ‘China Dream’, and partially explains the goings on. Their aim is to deliberately cause disruption, but emerge with strategic gains whilst showcasing its rising CNP (Comprehensive National Power) to the world. India especially the Armed Forces needs to prepare for a new normal urgently, and has to plan, equip and play accordingly.

The Why?

China’s military operational movement along LAC is just one vertical of its plan and it has a larger aim. Explanations offered about Chinese apprehensions of our LAC infrastructure build up specially the Darbuk-Shyok-DBO road and our probing actions, for its aggressive actions in East Ladakh are tactical at best and miss the larger strategic picture. China has moved everywhere near simultaneously, from Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, to even Philippines (against Duarte who was willing to be China’s lackey), Nepal, Bhutan and even Russia. China is indicating its willingness to take on the so called liberal democratic world order established by USA and her allies especially in Asia which China considers as its strategic playground.

China’s actions also intend to showcase its CNP (Comprehensive National Power) and demonstrate its domination of Asia; any other power including the superpower USA will need to deal with China. China is showcasing its capability and capacity to move on from COVID-19 and simultaneously engage militarily and provocatively (belligerent actions against 27 immediate and near continental and maritime neighbours) in South China Sea and East China Sea, and India, and economical and diplomatic coercion elsewhere.

This is no ‘off the cuff measure’, but a planned and thought out strategic manoeuvre. China plans to resolve the turbulence created, after making strategic gains/inroads at the time of its choosing indicating its growing stature and Comprehensive National Power (CNP) to the world. Incidentally, China is not going to implode, as a very large population of middle income citizens support this regime as it has brought them prosperity for the price of sacrificing some freedom.

Specifically, China’s raison d’être to move against India is due to India being a direct competitor for strategic space and possible impediment to China’s aspirations to become a superpower. Also, India’s continued opposition to BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) and CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) which is nothing less than existential for CCP (Chinese Communist Party) that has invested billions of dollars into it, and China sees it as being the gateway to multi-lateral trade and influence. Another reason for China’s move against India is to coerce her into accepting the BRI or at best not oppose it, because China fears losing access to the Gwadar Port that reduces its dependence on Malacca Straits. Further, India’s abrogation of Article 370 and her justifiable seeking and announcing its resolve to get back the entire sovereign territory of erstwhile J&K which includes Gilgit-Baltistan and Aksai Chin; and the high probability of India becoming the main beneficiary of economic, manufacturing and trade pullout from China; putting India down as also to create an unstable security environment will dissuade other countries from re-locating to India.

China’s Aggressive Posturing

While the World is battling COVID-19 and its effects in other domains, China (Chinese Communist Party to be more precise) led by Xi Jinping is changing the global status quo. Like a high-stakes gambler, China has rolled the dice, to see what it can win on the security and geo-political front. Muscle flexing has been impressive; intimidating or sinking fishing vessels (Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, even Japan); threatening SE Asia naval ships by locking missiles; conducting exercises to intimidate and develop specific skills needed to invade Taiwan; use of belligerent language at all adversaries including stating intent of “reunifaction of Taiwan” openly; activities in exclusive economic zones of neighbours Japan included; changing status quo along LAC, an already tense unresolved land boundary with India and finally the ‘wolf diplomacy’ a recent phenomenon knowing its adverse impact (perhaps that is the point!).

International Reactions

Aggrieved and angry about COVID-19, which added to the frustration and growing realization of a challenger in the global order, USA followed by her allies mainly from the Western World have reacted with alacrity and alarm at China’s belligerent actions which threaten to change the global power equation. Many other nations are watching from the sidelines as China’s CNP (Comprehensive National Power), and economic might (considerable) and hold on their sovereignty could get strengthened if China gets away relatively unscathed. US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has stated that China’s pursuit of offshore resources in parts of the South China Sea is “completely unlawful”.

In its latest Annual Defence Report/White paper, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s government criticized Beijing for “relentlessly” attempting to undermine Tokyo’s administration of the Senkaku Islands in the ECS (East China Sea), even at a time when international coordination is required to contain the virus. The document rebuked China over its persistent attempts to “unilaterally change the status quo” in the ECS. The white paper also referred to China’s unilateral creation of two administrative districts in the SCS (South China Sea), in which Beijing has overlapping claims with Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam and Taiwan. The two districts are named Xisha and Nansha, using the Chinese names for the disputed Paracel and Spratly Islands, respectively.

Aerial view of the Senkaku Islands of Japan. China’s claim over Senkaku Islands has increased its tensions with Tokyo.

Concurrently, a comprehensive Pacific Deterrence Initiative is being formulated. US has announced and is currently rebalancing and redeploying its forces to counter future threats emanating from China, which includes increasing ‘freedom of navigation’ patrols in Taiwan Straits, more military and economic aid to Taiwan, and deploying two aircraft carrier battle groups to the South China Sea. Aligned countries are coalescing either bilaterally or through groupings like QUAD (and Plus) to meet the Chinese challenge.

Chinese strengths in IT, hardware, manufacturing, infrastructure are being weakened using multiple fronts. India’s ban on 59 Chinese apps, as also resolve to ban Chinese participation in sensitive sectors (including Huawai and ZTE) has been applauded and has acted as a catalyst for others to emulate. China will be justified if it feels it is ‘strategically isolated by the liberal democratic West’. The jury however, is still out regarding the outcome, as most nations are finding out to their dismay, that China has considerable economic and political clout and has enmeshed itself so intimately into others nations economic fabric, that it will be very difficult to exorcise it, and it will come at a great cost.

The Indian Elephant through Chinese Eyes                    

India’s resolve and response, coupled with the June 15 bloody clash between Indian and PLA troops appears to have surprised the Chinese strategic community. Their utterances/debates instead of bringing consensus has widened the differences on ‘how to deal with a more confident India and a professional battle hardened Armed Forces’.

The Hawk School in China

This school headed by India watchers Lin Minwang and Zhang Jiadong, from Fudan University, and Li Hongmei from the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) among others, believe that the present conflict is an “inevitable result” of what they perceive as “India’s long-standing speculative strategy on the China-India border”. Beijing getting wary of India’s pronouncements (abrogation of Article 370, taking erstwhile J&K back including Aksai Chin), growing alliances and infrastructure surge all along Northern borders had “fed up” and China “had to teach India a lesson”.

They feel our growing alignment with USA and China’s adversaries (Japan, Australia, Vietnam etc) is taking India further away from rapprochement, becoming a ‘quasi ally of USA with no reversal, and possibility of border settlement getting grimmer. Within this unstable global security environment and a paranoid USA, the earlier system of effective management of bilateral differences has crumbled beyond control, periodic violent conflicts, they predict, are the “new normal” in China-India ties. To deal with a resurgent India, Chinese hardliners suggest a policy of “three nos”: “no weakness, no concession and no defensive defence”. In other words, China should take all opportunities to crack down on India, take the initiative to hit it hard whenever possible. This, they feel will make relations more stable like after 1962. They interpolate that China must be ready for belligerent moves across the entire LAC, from the McMahon Line in the east to the Aksai Chin area in the west; take the initiative to attack and seize territories under India’s control from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh, and weaken India internally, by supporting the cause of Maoists, Naga separatists and Kashmiris.

The Moderate School in China

This school which has political thinkers and professors such as Zheng Yongnian and Yu Longyu among others, have opined that Chinese actions and reactions in places like Galwan have remained mostly tactical/reactive and without any clear strategic intent. This has stoked nationalism in India and united the otherwise divided nation against China, harming China’s interests and might even draw China into an untimely military conflict. If China-India ties are damaged beyond repair, they warn, India alone or in association with other countries will cause “endless trouble for China”. For instance, an openly hostile India will use every possible means to prevent China from reaching the Indian Ocean. They feel that strategically, it is not advisable to launch proactive military conflict against India, “a big country with comparable military strength”, at this point in time. While China enjoys superiority in most fields like weapon systems and logistical strength, India too enjoys some strengths in war experience, acclimatization, shorter supply lines, and terrain familiarity. They predict that if the conflict ends in a short period of time, it will benefit China. But if it is prolonged, China will be disadvantaged.

What China may eventually try to achieve

I agree with Antara Singh who concluded in her article in The Hindu, that China would aim at attaining a comprehensive and overwhelming geo-political and strategic advantage vis-à-vis India, which cannot be altered by war.

Anticipating Round Two

It will be wise to acknowledge that China’s moves along the LAC (even in Sikkim) is part of a larger strategic game plan. China has mobilized a large force, and possibly had more devious designs of altering the status quo permanently along the LAC in its favour. For this China may have been willing to use limited force with a very effective and formidable non-kinetic campaign prior, during and after the larger tactical actions. China would have employed its fairly new Strategic Support Force for conducting information and psychological, network-centric, electronic and electo-magnetic spectrum operations while concurrently using its CNP (Comprehensive National Power) to provide a legal, economic, diplomatic narrative. As stated earlier, while our robust tactical response by our brave soldiers at the tactical level and expeditious mirror deployments by Army and IAF at operational level has surprised and stymied the Chinese temporarily, we MUST plan for the worst case contingency ranging from a localized conflict to a full scale war. The trust built up over decades by abiding by the CBMs (confidence building measures) and border management agreements (barring the odd one-off incidents) has been permanently broken.

India’s Future Roadmap

The Chinese respect strength and resolve. It is time to build our National Multi Domain capabilities as that is how China will fight a larger scale war. You can ignore China’s asymmetric superiority in comprehensive national power (CNP), infrastructure capacities, military capabilities, cunning and deceit, diplomatic and political clout at your own peril. Numerous China watchers have rightly asserted that China has managed to alienate the youth of new India, which is a very large percentage of Indian population. While we continue strengthening and cementing other domains of diplomacy, economy, strategic balancing through alliances and bilateral agreements and increase our CNP (comprehensive national power), our focus must be ‘atma nirbharta’ and ensuring a potent, visible, modern, multi-domain operations capable armed forces including strategic forces command (full spectrum capability).

For this; expeditious raising of Theatre commands; placing all forces (ITBP) along LAC under Indian Army; rapid growth of our Navy to manage our ‘Maritime Policy’ of dominating the Indian Ocean Region (the domain of vital importance); IAF capability for a multi-front role; re-energised mountain strike corps; strategic lift capability; potent C5ISTAR system (Command, Control, Communication, Computer, Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance); are the main ingredients. We must build our deterrence capabilities to ensure fulfillment of our national vision and goals.

To conclude, the LAC imbroglio will serve as a defining moment in our country’s history, and India will emerge as strong, resilient, resurgent and confident to take its natural place as the pivotal balancing power amongst the comity of nations in the world.